Great first two weeks of the assignment. We will definitely be looking for some global warming articles for next week, especially if the weather doesn't break soon. Until then, stay inside with some water to drink and read some interesting science articles.
- Origins of the Black Death Identified Great example of scientific research being a collaborative effort between many disciplines
- X-Rays Help Researchers Piece Together Treasured Cellular Gateway for the First Time 3-D structures are one of my favorite pieces of data to look at
- Mammal Ancestor's Shrinking Inner Ears may Reveal When Warm-Bloodedness Evolved Evolution is so interesting; an adaptation as big as warm-bloodedness can be traced by something as small as inner ear structure.
34 comments:
The article “Origins of the Black Death Identified” is especially relevant to today’s day and age because scientists in this era have been, in the last couple of years, working to find out the source of the COVID-19 pandemic. The origin of the Black Death was definitely a very strong plague strain if it lasted from 1346-1353, almost 7 years. However what is even more impressive is the ability to trace genomes of this strain from almost 683 years ago. It is genuinely a testament to how far science has come. Even with this so called ‘Big Bang event,’ the diversification of the plague strains, scientists were able to somewhat corner down the origins of the Black Death. The partnership between historians and scientists illustrated in the study was pretty amazing. Scientists were able to corner down their options of the origins of the Black Death because of these tomb stones. Tomb stones that historians had discovered, and had some notion of the unknown epidemic related to them. This just goes to prove that every field of study has some benefit to each other and with the collaboration of everyone, people can make some pretty cool discoveries.
I found it intriguing that in the article "Origins of Black Death" archeological clues can be used to trace the original strand of the black death first appearing in 1338. The plauge as it now lies dormant and it's surprising how it is able to have lived on through carriers for several centuries. Using archeological findings in Kyrgyzstan on tombstones demonstrates how science can collaborate with history, resulting in the identification of the original strain. Even now, the phenomenon of epidemics remains a commonplace issue with the COVID-19 Pandemic and the newly awakened monkey pox which has received media attention. As scientists work to trace back the origins of diseases such as Yersinia pestis, a common theme that science remains a part of history can be directed through their discoveries.
In the article "Origins of the Black Death Identified", it was discovered that Central Asia was the source of the Second Plague Pandemic. Personally, I think that the collaboration of historians and scientists is quite notable. Tombstones that were excavated almost 140 years ago for history were recently used to aid in scientific research. In the past, it can be understood that it was rare for fields to cross because if they had crossed, the Second Plague Pandemic's origin maybe would have been discovered a while ago. This shows how society has evolved. Now, collaboration is a core value that unites all fields. In addition, this is extremely important to current events because scientists today are focused on the origins of COVID-19.
I enjoyed reading about Paleontology this week since it is a topic I do not usually research. The article, “Mammal ancestors’ shrinking inner ears may reveal when warm-bloodedness arose” described how research on mammals alive today give us insight about mammals from the past. I wonder if this study could be built on by questioning what other effects inner ear size have on the anatomy of animals. Could the “thermo-motility index” (a tool made by the researchers to link warm-bloodedness to inner ear dimensions) be used to measure other characteristics of mammals? Can it be used to date back when certain features of mammals started forming? I enjoyed reading this article because it combined biology as it pertains to evolutions as well as physiology.
After reading “Mammal Ancestors Shrinking Inner Ears May Reveal When Warm-Bloodedness Evolved” I was surprised to learn about the link between the viscosity of the fluid in the ear canal, the size and shape of ear canals, and warm-bloodedness. Furthermore, the article states that endothermy evolved during a time period in which global temperatures changed frequently. This makes me curious about the conditions (such as climate and geographical changes) that were present during certain time periods and how they influenced the evolution of certain mammal characteristics.
Another article I read this week was “Origins of the Black Death Identified.” After reading this article, I was surprised to learn that the Black Death originated in Central Asia, especially since Europe was extremely decimated by the plague. Additionally, I find it intriguing that researchers were able to find DNA from Yersinia pestis (the bacterium that caused the plague) from remains that are more than 600 years old. In all, this article made me understand how crucial collaboration among different fields is. Due to the collaboration of scientists, archeologists, and researchers, the origin of the Black Death was traced.
The article “Origins of The Black Death Identified “ resonated with me because it reminds me of another case in Europe known as the Dancing Plague. The Dancing Plague originated in Strasberg and was mainly known for its victims being forced to dance until they pass out or die from exhaustion. It got to the point where the entire town built a stage so that the infected could dance without getting harmed, and the non-infected would join in to help them feel less lonely. However in contrast to how now scientists have figured out the true scientific origins of the Black Death death ( a disease that is spread by rats), there are multiple theories as to what actually caused the Dancing plague to happen. People of the time thought to it have been from the wrath of St. Vitus (a St. that when angry curses the people with plagues). Which in terms of the story makes sense. In order to cure all of the people who have been affected by the disease, they all walked to the top of a hill, and did various rituals to appeal St. Vitus at his shrine. The next day they all miraculously were cured. However doctors of the time believed that they were suffering from a sort of fever that caused them to convulse (dance) in order to cool off their “hot blood”. A more recent theory is that the people of the town were eating bread that was infected by the toxic mold/fungi known as ergot which was known to cause hallucinations and spasms. In the end both of these plagues in history have shown that during the time of their occurrences the people used what they knew at the time to explain what was happening to them, and later down the line modern science was able to come up with more scientific based reasoning for these natural instances in history.
The article “Origins of the Black Death identified” was very interesting to see how scientists investigated the origins of this plague, especially from the perspective of the world we live in now. Even with the research that was done, the real origin of the Black Death was not 100% certain. This was because of the huge diversification of the strains. In today’s world, with Covid-19 continuing to spread, many wonder, where did this originate from? There is evidence proving that it is from China, but after 3 years, there are many new strains that continue to show themselves. These new strains, which may show themselves in different symptoms, come from new unknown locations. With the Black Death starting in 1347, evidence of where it originated from did not become present until about 140 years ago, when excavations of individuals who suffered from these plagues began. With this evidence from almost 500 years later, the group of scientists was able to conclude the cause of death was the pandemic. This is relevant to society today because we may never get an answer to where Covid-19 or new strains of Covid truly come from until hundreds of years later. This worldwide pandemic will surely be written in history in the future. New findings that scientists or researchers today haven’t found will be discovered in the future.
In the article "Mammal Ancestors' Shrinking Inner Ears May Reveal When Warm-Bloodedness Arose," a study was conducted which concluded that the size of the inner ears of mammals can determine whether they are cold-blooded or warm-blooded. When the team viewed the fossilized canals of 56 species, they determined that warm-blooded mammals had smaller and tightly curved inner ear canals, while cold-blooded mammals had larger and loosely curved inner ear canals. One thing that caught my attention was that a scientist named Brusatte commented that the shape of the canal can't always determine complex items such as body temperature and metabolic style. Although Brusatte was not a part of the study, he is able to explain that this was a significant discovery but will not be useful for more complicated uses. I also found this of importance because the extinct animals may not have many bones remaining after all of these years, so it will be difficult to find preserved pieces that could lead to future discovery in the other aspects. I believe Brusatte is trying to provide insight to how much can be discovered through the current study and encourage future research to understand other complex structures.
The article, “Mammals ancestors’ shrinking inner ears may reveal when warm-bloodedness arose '' by Carolyn Grambling made me realize that evolution is so endless even if it dates back to hundreds of millions of years ago. I would have never suspected that ears would play a huge role in figuring out when mammals evolved to be warm-blooded animals. Yet, I would have thought a major organ like the lungs would play an important role in endothermy, as they both are very crucial for mammals to thrive. Also, the scientists were able to find a connection between two completely unrelated things, ear canals and body temperature is extremely impressive. Especially starting with little to no evidence, I was shocked to learn this, making me realize how one can make hypotheses out of barely anything. And in some cases, that could be proven true through observation, which shows how versatile and vast science is. In all, this article really shows how humans can always uncover more of Earth’s secrets and hidden mysteries, espaillat around science and how it can provide valuable information for future studies.
The article “Origins of the Black Death” is somewhat related to today's world because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Although the plague existed many years ago it is really fascinating to know that scientists can use DNA from the bacteria to detect genomes. This is a true example of how historians, archaeologists and scientists work together to uncover the reason for why the “Second Plague” caused many people to die. Since this was noted as the biggest pandemic in history, it is really surprising that much more people died during a pandemic than what we experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic. Researching these illnesses will allow for further advancements in helping to prevent and efficiently handle future pandemics. The Black Death plague was a strain that most likely came from a reservoir. Scientists were also surprised to find out that some current strains are slightly related to the plague. I think it is very interesting and effective for scientists to continue researching deadly strains of bacteria from the past in order to use the research in any future cases. Overall, it was compelling to learn that scientists can discover strains of the plague from victims of the disease that are almost 600 years old.
The article “ Mammal ancestors’ shrinking inner ears may reveal when warm-bloodedness arose” amazed me as it described how the inner ear structures of early vertebrates are linked to the evolution of warm-bloodedness, or endothermy. It is interesting that paleontologists have been able to track down the evolution of the inner ear structure and its impact on body temperature, by looking at fossils from over 200 million years ago. Vertebrate paleontologist, Ricardo Araújo, and some of his colleagues predicted that the inner ear fluid in warm-blooded animals became less viscous and so the canals may have shrunk to accommodate. If proven true, this would allow scientists to track down how and when warm-bloodedness emerged. The tool that researchers created, the “ thermo-motility index” was spot on, in terms of linking inner ear dimensions to warm-bloodedness in 341 vertebrates. The value of the index of this tool would refer to the animal’s body temperature. The results were that reptiles had low index values and mammals had high index values. These results prove the accuracy of the thermo-motility index as reptiles are typically cold-blooded and mammals tend to be warm-blooded. Also, it is surprising that the transition took place relatively quickly, within about 1 million years. Stephen Brusatte, paleontologist who had not been involved in this research described how he had been using computed tomography data to study the ears of extinct species and how they moved, heard, etc, but never how it related to the temperature of fossil species and metabolism. I felt the same way because it never really occurred to me that the inner ear shape of animals could determine when warm-bloodedness evolved.
I was hooked by the title of the article, “Origins of the Black Death Identified.” This article in particular piqued my interest as today, scientists are trying to find the origin of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Researchers were able to use human remains and tombstones from 1338 to trace the origins of the plague to Kyrgyzstan. Using the genomes found on site, they found that the Black Plague (Yersinia pestis) originated in a plague reservoir in Central Asia. I found it impressive that scientists and historians were able to form this conclusion, as this deadly disease dates back to almost 700 years ago. This reflects how modern technology and scientific practices have become very innovative, as they are able to discover the sources of devastating viruses which spread centuries ago.
The article, "Origins of the Black Death Identified," interested me because the Black Death had been one of my interests since middle school. It amazed and horrified me how a disease can upheave daily life and the economy so quickly. I was so interested in the Black Plague and how it affected life, I did my TAG projects on the topic in middle school. It satisfies me that I now finally know where the pestilence came from. It is also interesting how much archeology and biology are connected. You can discern people's identities from bones and even where a disease comes from through excavations. It is interesting how biology relies on other professions to solve mysteries.
The article "X-rays help researchers piece together treasured cellular gateway for first time" made me think about how the full mapping of the Nuclear Pore Complex could be utilized to cure certain genetic diseases. This also makes the idea of nano bots in medicine much more feasible, as they could be engineered to pass through the NPC and target specific chromosomes. The completion of the mapping could lead to further groundbreaking discoveries in the medical field.
I found the Article “Origins of the Black Death Identified” very fascinating as it was very detailed and explained the very interesting way scientists were able to identify the origins of this plague. I really liked how the author questioned each finding to allow readers to really think about understanding the research behind the discovery. Something I found very interesting was how they called the plague “Big Bang”. It really puts into perspective the massive amount of destruction a harmful virus like the plague can do to a community. So many different strains can form resulting in an even more difficult process of finding the original strain. This article really showed how history, archeology and biology can all come together to answer the questions we have about the past. I wonder what more answers can be uncovered using these three fields together.
The article “Mammal ancestors’ shrinking inner ears may reveal when warm-bloodedness arose” discusses how paleontologists were able to determine when endothermy evolved through fossil analysis. It is incredible how studying ancestors' inner ear structures can reveal so much about the Earth’s history. It's fascinating to see how our bodies can adapt and evolve overtime in response to problems. There was an unstable climate during the time of the ear structure change, and the mammals' developing endothermy aided them. It makes me wonder what other kinds of adaptations did organisms make to survive this period. It also makes me wonder how many organisms today are unknowingly adapting to our changing climate. While the article stated that studying fossils of ancestors has limitations, I find evolution to be remarkable in that it teaches us how organisms work with the world to improve their lives.
In the article “Origins of the Black Death identified” I think that it is fascinating how scientists took so long to agree on theories about the origin of the Second plague and how in today's social science has evolved to the point where we were able to track the origin of COVID-19 relatively quickly. Also, I saw some similarities with the "Big Bang" of strains and what we are going through now how there have been a few variations of COVID-19. When they mentioned a variety of strains causing the epidemic I thought about the current pandemic. As I read this article it really made me think about how much science has improved throughout the years and how quickly technology is advancing.
After reading, “Mammals ancestors’ shrinking inner ears may reveal when warm-bloodedness rose”, I was fascinated by how living things adapt and evolve in order to survive. Due to a life-threatening conflict that could wipe out their species, animals can slowly save themselves by passing on genetic changes caused by mutations and natural selection to their offspring. It’s incredible what life can do in order to persevere. It leads me to wonder what evolutionary changes humans have gone through to adapt. Resistance to contagious diseases such as smallpox have been passed on through generations due to vaccines. The ability to persist lactase is also an evolutionary change as we weren’t able to break it down initially. Even blue eyes is a genetic mutation. Even after all these developments, there is still more to come.
In the article, “Origins of the Black Death identified”, the author discusses a study where historians, archaeologists, and scientists worked together to find that the origin of the Black Death was in Central Asia, around modern-day Kyrgyzstan. I found it interesting how historians, archaeologists, and scientists all had to work together to find the origins of the Black Death and that one field alone wouldn't have been able to find the origin. Specifically, the archaeologists' and historians' excavations were critical in allowing the historians and scientists to learn that there were tombstones indicating that individuals of a local trading community all died of a specific pestilence in 1338. Furthermore, scientists were necessary to analyze the DNA from the plague bacterium and determine that the origins of the Black Death are in fact from Central Asia showing that people from various fields had to work together to find the origins of the Black Death. To add on, I also found it fascinating how similar methods could also be used to find the origin of COVID-19- by letting individuals who specialized in different fields work together.
After reading the article “Origins of the Black Death Identified” I was fascinated by how the scientists used their scientific investigations to make connections with historical sites such as the findings in Kyrgyzstan. The process that scientists and researchers use to make connections and find evidence is interesting, as they pinpointed the exact year (1338) of the Black Death’s source strain. This entire topic can be related to our current worldwide situation with the COVID-19 pandemic and the outbreak of monkeypox.
The article, “Origins of the Black Death Identified”, was a very interesting article to read because not only does it correlate with scientists current search for the origin of COVID-19 but it’s also astonishing to see how advanced we have become to identify something from over a few hundred years ago. It was intriguing that scientists could use the tombstones and human remains to identify that these people had died from the Black Death. Additionally, with this information, they were able to use the genomes found on the site of the tombstones and remains to state that the plague originated from a reservoir in Lake Issyk Kul in Central Asia. The advancements shown in the discovery of the source of the plague have heavily contributed to the mixing of scientists and researchers from several different disciplines. This crossing of areas of studies has allowed us to work together and share knowledge that some areas are better than others leading to greater discoveries. This article is also related to scientists and researchers trying to identify the origin of COVID-19 because there have been many theories, one of the main beings from bats in China. However, this cannot be proved to be true because the other strains that have developed come from different locations and have different effects. Just like the Black Death, it may take a while for us to figure out the source of this deathly pandemic.
I found the article, “Origins of the Black Death Identified”, very eye-opening. It is extraordinary how various fields of study can work together to find a resolution. Reading about how historians and archeologists work alongside scientists makes me think about how these collaborations could be useful in solving other historical mysteries. Additionally, I find it interesting that scientists were able to obtain DNA from hundreds of years ago and still identify remnants of the Black Death bacterium, Yersinia Pestis. It makes me wonder how long DNA lasts, and what tools and technology scientists used to identify the plague bacterium. Moreover, I want to know how scientists were able to determine the relation between modern and ancient strains of the plague.
The article, "X-rays help researchers piece together treasured cellular gateway for first time" shows that scientists have finally been able to capture a clear picture of the cell's nuclear pores in our body. A group of researchers at Caltech was able to discover this and study it and this can potentially lead to new treatments for many cancers and other diseases. This article interested me due to the new research about nuclear pores that can prove to be beneficial to researchers in the future. According to Christopher Bley, '"We have this composite structure now, and it enables and informs future experiments on NPC function, or even diseases.”' Now more research can be done on this NPC structure and they can focus on the molecular basis for many enigmatic functions. They includes how mRNA gets exported, causes for NPC - related diseases, and the targeting of NPC function for many viruses. This truly is remarkable and a great way for improvements in health and medicine in the future.
The article, "Origins of the Black Death Identified" was very enlightening, especially regarding a pandemic we currently face, COVID-19. It is amazing to see how the different fields of study were able to collaborate and solve the mystery of where the Black Death originated from. I find it extremely interesting that this case could not be solved without help from other fields of study. This is a great example of something scientists and researchers today have to do because of COVID-19. In the present, we also must collaborate with different fields of study in order to figure out when and where strains of COVID-19 came from. This article was extremely informative, and it really helped me understand how different disciplines rely on each other to solve problems and discover more about the past.
I was particularly interested in the article "Mammal predecessors' diminishing inner ears may reveal when warm-bloodedness arose" because I recently completed an evolution project and learned about vestiges of the human body. Vestigial structures are ones that present creatures no longer need but that nonetheless served some use for their ancestors. The auricular muscles in many mammals move the ear to locate sound and express emotion, however, in humans, these muscles are thought to be nonfunctional. Darwin suggested that in order to compensate for the loss of or eliminate the requirement for the auricular muscles, humans could successfully capture noises by adjusting the head to receive them. Now, it's fascinating to see this progress as they provide us with such vital information about our bodies and their evolution.
Anika Chekuri said...
I found the article: “Origins of the Black Death Identified” interesting. From what I know about the black death was that it was a disease that spread to humans through fleas and rodents (rats). Also mentioned in the article was that the disease decimated the population, “claiming up to 60 percent of the population”. This was because medicine was limited, and there were no antibiotics. Thankfully today, victims of the disease can be treated with modern medicine. I learned from this article that it was, in fact, a plague bacterium Yersinia pestis, that caused the plague. But, what truly fascinated me was how the scientists determined this bacterium and where the source strain originated. The scientists identified the strain with evidence from archeological findings in Kyrgyzstan and tombstones indicating deaths caused by an unknown epidemic. By figuring out the strain, they could isolate a probable area where the strain would have likely originated from. It was remarkable to see how collaborations between history and science could help answer questions on a debated theory.
The "Origins of the Black Death Identified" article was interesting to me because of how long the plague had been around it fascinated me because usually people that had the disease died a painful death because of the black cysts you would get that were painful. The way plague doctors handled patients with the disease was interesting because of how they thought the disease spread via spores so they wore masks with long noses with incense in them to inhale herbs that would protect them from infection I don't know if it worked 100 percent of the time, even thought it was actually spread by rodents that travelled basically round the world through ships, To think that a plague that dangerous was practically 100 of years old so it had time to evolve and adapt but somehow just died out to me that seems far from the truth. Also for its origin to have been discovered by DNA from 1338 to now is amazing with the technology we have today and the people that are experts in these different fields working together to find the origin what is to say that the black plague isn't still out there and maybe more will be known in the foreseeable future.
As I read "Origins of the Black Death Identified," I couldn't help but notice the parallels, such as the Bubonic Plague, Covid-19, and Ebola. Although, scientists were able to find causes and vaccines for the recent pandemics more quickly due to new technology, imagine the countless lives that could have been saved during the Black Death. I was shocked that the researchers were able to find where the strain originated through DNA from ancient human remains. The results weren't just credited to one group either, historians, archaeologists, and geneticists all collaborated to achieve this. It was inspiring to read about how the Black Death's origins were able to be located with such a definition.
The article, "Origins of the Black Death Identified" was an interesting read as I remember the black death being one of my favorite topics learned in 7th grade social studies. The nursery rhyme “Ring Around the Rosie” was surprisingly written based on the effects of the black death! The disease resulted in the deaths of over 25 million people. Due to lack of modern technology, people believed that the disease was airborne when it was actually spread by the bacteria found on many rats, animals that were prevalent in numbers at the time. The disease lasted over 7 years when recent epidemics such as the Corona virus and the Spanish flu were better addressed because of our increased medical knowledge. The discovery of the original strain was actually found in ancient tombstones located in Central Asia of those who died because of an unidentified virus. This discovery was only possible because of the collaboration of many educated people from different backgrounds. I found it interesting to see how scientists and historians came together to find an answer to the question that was once a mystery.
Overlooked aspects of the body seem to be where scientists find the answers that they did not know they were searching for. Ear canals were what we needed to understand more about why there are cold and warm blooded animals. One interesting thing that I learned from this article is that fluid, assuming it is blood, interacts with head movements of mammals that brush hair cells aiding the maintenance of balance. Endothermy is a mechanism that produces heat without extra movement of the body[shivering]. The evolution of the body changed based on its necessities; warm blooded animals have smaller inner ear structures because the viscosity of the fluid becomes less mucus-like, which denies the need for more space. Thus, correlating both temperature and size concerning warm and cold blooded animals. It was shocking to read that there was only a mere degree of 4 Celsius difference, which would abruptly change the inner ear structures of mammals. Although there are still some unknowns, Araújo’s and his colleagues' tool ‘thermo-motitly index’ have made great strides in understanding the characteristics of mammals.
After reading the article “Mammal ancestors’ Shrinking Inner Ears May Reveal When Warm-bloodedness Arose”, I was shocked to see how just from looking inside an animals ear you can tell whether it’s cold blooded or warm blooded. It’s interesting that scientists can trace back endothermy, warm bloodedness to 300 million years ago. I never would have thought that inner ears can help scientists depict when endothermic animals evolved. Araújo was able to connect the size and shape of the ear canals to the animal’s body temperature and then relate to how fossils changed over time. Although, Stephen Brusatte pointed out that you can’t always predict something because of shape and scientists should study soft tissue find out exact research. Either way I think it’s amazing that they trace back this far into fossils and determine when mammals were cold and warm-blooded millions of years ago. I’m curious to the information scientists could still continue to discover while using modern technology.
The article “Mammal ancestors’ shrinking inner ears may reveal when warm-bloodedness arose” intrigued me because the evolution of smaller inner ears and warm-bloodedness was revealed to be particularly abrupt. Evolution is always occurring, so I wonder what changes mammals are undergoing now to cope with the rising temperatures of the planet due to climate change, or if some will simply die out. Will organisms diversify even further, each with unique adaptations? I was also surprised to learn that the semicircular canals could tell scientists so much about how the rest of the animal operates. As part of the vestibular system, semicircular canals were something I knew only to be related to the sense of balance. This finding has proved to me that everything in an organism works in conjunction with each other. Something else that I wondered about was why reptiles, amphibians, and fish did not become warm-blooded with the mammals and birds. There are some benefits to being cold-blooded, such as requiring less energy and being suited to the climate, so perhaps the environment played a role in why some animals evolved to have the change and some didn’t. It is quite interesting how scientists can figure out so much from the remains of animals without having the decomposed parts to study.
The article, "Origins of the Black Death Identified," was interesting to me as it showed how modern science was able to pinpoint the source of a disease that was 675 years old. I was very impressed at how the scientists were able to analyze DNA that was 140 years old. This really shows how far science has come. It was also fascinating to me how researchers found this out with the help of archaeologists. Without the archaeologists finding the tombstones in Kyrgyzstan, the source of the black death would not have been found. Even to solve a biological mystery, more than just biology was needed. Overall, I find it very impressive that these scientists were able to find the origin of a disease that dates back to 1347.
The article “X-rays help researchers piece together treasured cellular gateway for first time” was interesting to read because it is fascinating how technology is advancing, leading to treatments for diseases such as cancer and certain heart conditions. To discover treatments for these diseases, understanding the nuclear pore complex (NPC) is crucial. The atomic structure of the nuclear pore complex was revealed by the high-energy X-rays generated by the SSRL. Solving the mystery of the NPC was challenging, but the researchers were able to do so by zapping crystallized NPC protein samples with X-ray light. This shows how technology allows prevention, personalized treatment, and early diagnoses to be made. Through the advancement of technology, patients are getting the care they need to live a better and healthier life. Technology is the future of healthcare. Technology in healthcare could provide faster and more effective solutions for diseases. Artificial intelligence is already being used extensively, helping improve health outcomes.
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